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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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1996-12-31
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74 lines
Colin Blakemore and his
associates at Cambridge
University have attempted to
test the angular-displacement
theory by requiring observers to
set a comparison line parallel
to one side of an acute-angle
pattern. They assumed that an
overestimation of the angle can
be demonstrated by measuring
the perceived orientation of its
sides. When the observers were
asked to set the comparison
line parallel to one side of the
angle, they in fact placed it in
a different orientation. The
effect was appreciably greater
for small angles (those of
around 10 degrees) than it was
for large angles.
What is the mechanism that
explains the angular-
displacement effect? The
currently favored theory is
based on Hubel and WieselΓÇÖs
discovery of cells in the visual
cortex that "detect" contour
orientation on the retina. A
given contour orientation on
the retinaΓÇöΓÇôsay, a vertical line
ΓÇöΓÇôtriggers activity in a whole
population of cortical
orientation detectors in the
brain, but more so in those
most attuned to that retinal
orientation (e.g., vertical) and
less so in those tuned to
different retinal orientations
(e.g., plus or minus a few
degrees from the vertical). The
presence of an adjacent
contour of different
orientation (e.g., 5 degrees
clockwise) would have the
effect of inhibiting some of
these units from firing. The
peak of activity shifts away
from the one that would occur
without the presence of the
second contour (e.g., the peak
would now be at 3 degrees
counterclockwise). This is an
example of the broader category
of neural functioning known as
lateral inhibition, which was
discussed in Chapter 2. In that
earlier example, the inhibition
concerned intensity (or
luminance) based on the rate of
firing of neurons, where
activity in one fiber had the
effect of reducing the rate in an
adjacent fiber. Here, it is the
contour orientation rather
than intensity that is relevant.
This physiological theory,
then, attributes illusions to the
"hardware" of the visual
nervous system, a very
different explanation from
others we have been
considering.